![\"David](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Mumford-painting.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto George M. Bergman, MFO. Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n
David Mumford Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nNational Medal of Science – Mathematics and Computer Science 2009<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nMathematician. Algebraic geometry, Vision and Pattern Theory. Pure \nand Applied math. History and Philosophy of math, Math education. \nSailing.
\n\t“Research enterprise depends on the free dissemination of scholarly material.<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Michkin\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/mishkin2.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: LN, NIMH<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mortimer Mishkin Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nNational Medal of Science – Behaviorial and Social Science 2009<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nCognitive neuroscientist, Business Administrator. Brain\/behavior \nrelationships in humans, nonhuman primates. Identified \u2026 areas in \ncerebral cortex essential for perception and memory: cortico-limbic \ncircuit responsible for memory of facts and events; cortico-striatal \ncircuit responsible for learning of different types of habits and motor \nskills.
\n\n\t“Perseverance is built into the trait of curiosity, a scientist’s \nmotivation. If you’re sufficiently curious, you’re willing to continue \ndespite failures and obstacles. It’s so easy to give up.”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Posner\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/posner.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: Courtesy Dr. Michael I. Posner. Upon receiving Carty award 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Michael I. Posner Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nNational Medal of Science – Behaviorial and Social Science 2008<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nPsychologist. Cognitive neuroscience – attention, early brain \ndevelopment, changes in brain systems with learning; developmental \ndisorders; brain injury. Posner cueing task. Founding Director, Sackler \nInstitute for Developmental Psychobiology.\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Robert](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Lefkowitz-painting.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: Bengt Nyman, Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Robert J. Lefkowitz MD<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nNobel Prize in Chemistry 2012
\tNational Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 2007 USA<\/strong>
\tNobel co-recipient Brian K. Kobilka<\/p>\n\n\n\nPhysician- Cardiologist, Scientist. G-protein-coupled receptors;\n\tapproximately half of all medicines used today use this kind of receptor.
\n\t“Strong family history of coronary artery disease … at age 50 I \nhad quadruple bypass surgery [1994]. I minimize my risk factors with \ndaily physical exercise, a vegetarian diet and appropriate medications”.<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Robert](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/fedoroff.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: Courtesy Nina Fedoroff. Credit: Douglas Mills, New York Times<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nina V. Fedoroff Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nNational Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 2006<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nPlant Molecular Biologist. Geneticist. First to clone and characterize maize transposons. Founding director, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences<\/a>. Interests: Education, Public Policy.
“It’s as much wanting to succeed as it is to using your brains. I’ve seen very bright people fall out of the system”<\/em>.\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/bower.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: Courtesy Dr. Gordon Bower<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gordon H. Bower Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nNational Medal of Science – Behavior and Social Science 2005<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n“Psychologist, Cognitive-Social. Human memory, mnemonic devices, \nretrieval strategies, recording strategies, category learning. Cognitive\n processes, emotion, imagery, language and reading comprehension as they\n relate to memory. Mathematical Models, Computer Simulation of Memory, \nBehavior Modification.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/evelynwitkin.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: Courtesy Evelyn M. Witkin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Evelyn Maisel Witkin Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nNational Medal of Science – Biological Science 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nZoologist – Molecular Geneticist. E. coli. DNA mutagenesis and DNA \nrepair. Interests: Science education in public schools; Connections \nbetween contemporary Victorians poet Robert Browning and Charles Darwin.
\n\tEssentially same grant from 1956 until retirement in 1991.<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Capecchi\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/capecchi.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: \u00a9 Nobel Foundation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mario R. Capecchi Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007<\/strong>
\tNobel prize also awarded to Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies
\tNational Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 2001<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nMolecular Geneticist. Introduced specific gene modifications in \nmice by using embryonic stem cells. Gene Targeting, Homeobox Genes, \nDevelopment, Behavior.
\n\tMother incarcerated as political prisoner, Germany. “At age 4\u00bd, I \nset off on my own, living in streets, orphanages; joining gangs of \nhomeless children; generally hungry. Vivid recollections, brutal beyond \ndescription.”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Cerf\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Cerf-Vinton-painting.jpg\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto Courtesy Vinton Cerf. Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vinton Cerf Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nNational Medal of Technology and Innovation 1997<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\tOne of two Fathers of the Internet. TCP\/IP protocols. Internet\n\tArchitecture. Chief Internet Evangelist, Google. Interplanetary Internet.\n\tLiving Legend.
\n\t“Brilliant, indescribably enthusiastic, humorous, happy, treats people\t\n\textremely well. It would be nice to go to work every day and work with\n\tpeople like Vint Cerf.” \u2013 R.V. Nagaveni, Founder, Ganga Library.<\/em>\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Varmus\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/haroldvarmus.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: NIH<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Harold Varmus M.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989<\/strong>
\tNobel Prize shared by J. Michael Bishop
National Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 2001<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nPhysician, Scientist, Litterateur. Cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes. Co-founder, Public Library of Science Journals<\/a>. Initiated doubling NIH budget. Interests: cycling, rowing.
\n\t‘Unflappable Varmus’<\/em>\n\t\t\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Bass\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/bass.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: Courtesy Dr. George F. Bass<\/p>\n\n\n\n
George Fletcher Bass Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nNational Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 2001<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nArcheologist. Father of underwater archaeology. Excavated shipwrecks of Bronze Age, Classical Age, Byzantine. Founded Institute of Nautical Archaeology<\/a>.\n Findings throw new light into beginning of free enterprise system, \ndating Homer’s Odyssey, chronologies of Egyptian dynasties, Helladic \ncultures; histories of technology, economics, music, art, religion.
\n\t“The greatest thrill comes from the library, when you can \nunderstand something about what you’ve found, when it all comes together\n and it means something.”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Likens\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/likens.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: Courtesy Gene Elden Likens<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gene Likens Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nNational Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 2001<\/strong>
\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\n\n\nZoologist. Ecosystem ecology, biogeochemistry, acid rain, \nhuman impacts on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Linked fossil fuel \ncombustion to acid rain. Founder, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Andreason\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/andreason.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: Courtesy Nancy C. Andreasen<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nancy Andreasen M.D.,Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nNational Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 2000<\/strong>
\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\n\n\nPsychiatrist, Litterateur. Cognitive and Behavioral \nNeuroscience, Genomics, Neuroimaging, Neuroscience of Creativity, \nSchizophrenia. Writes books to educate laity and reduce stigma. Founding\n Chair, Neuroscience Section, American Association for the Advancement \nof Science (AAAS).
\n\tCreative people tend to be very persistent, even when confronted with skepticism or rejection.<\/em>\n\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Yau\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/yau.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: Courtesy Dr. Shing-Tung Yau<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Shing-Tung Yau Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nNational Medal of Science – Mathematics and Computer Science 1997<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nMathematician. Differential geometry, Differential equations, \nGeneral relativity. Calabi-Yau manifolds. Miyaoka-Yau inequality. \nFounder: Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong \nKong; Morningside Center of Mathematics at Academia Sinica; Center of \nMathematical Sciences at Zhejiang University; Tsinghua Mathematical \nSciences Center, China. Adviser more than 50 doctoral students.
\n\n\tFamily fled mainland China and Communist takeover when he was an infant. Leader of street gang and often skipped school.<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Steinberger\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Jack-Steinberger-2008.JPG\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: Sigismund von Dobsch\u00fctz. Source: Wikimedia Commons<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jack Steinberger Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nNobel Prize in Physics 1988<\/strong>
\tNational Medal of Science – Physical Sciences 1988 USA<\/strong>
\tNobel Prize shared with Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nPhysicist, Cosmologist, Astrophysicist. Hobbies: Playing the Flute, Tennis, Mountaineering, Sailing.
\nTo Ganga Library founder on 3 Aug 2014, “I have used your questions to me as an incentive to prepare a list of my publications”.<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Lauterbur\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Lauterbur-Paul-painting.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPainting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Paul C. Lauterbur Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n\tThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003<\/strong>
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNobel Co-recipient Sir Peter Mansfield
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThe President’s National Medal of Science<\/a> – Physical Sciences 1987
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThe National Medal of Technology and Innovation 1988<\/strong>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\nChemist. Magnetic resonance imaging.
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t“Every great idea in history has the red stamp of rejection on \nits face. If you scratch any innovation’s surface, you’ll find the \nscars: they’ve been roughed up and thrashed around by the masses and the\n leading minds before they made it into your life.”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Stigler\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Stigler-George-painting.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto Nasoline. Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n
George J. Stigler Ph.D., M.B.A.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1982
\tThe President’s National Medal of Science – Behavior and Social Science 1987<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\tEconomist – industrial organization. ‘Seminal studies of \nindustrial structures; functioning of markets; causes, effects of public\n regulation.’ Great teacher. Writings easy to admire, joy to read, \nimpossible to imitate. Interest: many areas of economics; history of \neconomics. Very Humorous.
\n\tChicago Economics Department intellectual ferment – intense intellectual atmosphere; captivated him.<\/em>\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Lauterbur\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/hoffmanfig4.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: Courtesy Dr.Roald Hoffmann<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Roald Hoffmann Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981<\/strong>
\tNobel Prize also awarded to Kenichi Fukui
National Medal of Science – Chemistry 1983 USA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nChemist, Poet, Philosopher, Writer, Chemistry Teacher Text\/Television.\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Sperry\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Sperry-painting.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPainting: Tim Tompkins PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Roger Wolcott Sperry Ph.D. [Zoology], M.A. [Psychology]<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n\tThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981<\/strong>
\n\tNobel co-recipients David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel
\n\tThe President’s<\/strong> National Medal of Science<\/a> – Biological Sciences 1989 \n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n\tPsychologist, Philosopher, Zoologist, Neuroanatomist. Functional \nspecialization of cerebral hemispheres. Split-brain studies. Duality of \nconsciousness. Mind and consciousness. High ethical standards. \nAuthorship generosity.
\n\tRalph Gerard, “I know of nobody else who has disposed of cherished \nideas of his doctoral and postdoctoral sponsors, at that time the \nacknowledged leaders in their fields.” <\/em>\n\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Roald](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/freedman.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: Courtesy Michael H. Freedman<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Michael H. Freedman Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nNational Medal of Science – Mathematics and Computer Science 1987<\/p>\n\n\n\n
American mathematician. Proof of Poincare Conjecture in dimension \nfour. One of the greatest achievements in mathematics in this century. \nFields Medal, 1986. \n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Brown\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Brown-Herbert.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto Purdue University. Painting Tim Tompkins PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Herbert C Brown Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n\tThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979
\n\tThe President’s National Medel of Sciences<\/a> – Physical Sciences, 1969<\/strong>
\n\tNobel co-recipient Georg Wittig<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\nOrganic Chemist. Development of use of boron into important \nreagents in organic synthesis. School, advanced several times, \ngraduating at 12; refused further advancement, avoiding being sister’s \nclassmate.
\n\tGraduating, Depression years, future wife Sarah gave him gift, Stock’s<\/em> ‘Hydrides of Boron and Silicon’ because cheapest chemistry book! Led to Nobel Prize!<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Nathans\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Nathans-Daniel.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPainting Tim Tompkins PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Daniel M. Nathans M.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978<\/strong>
\tNobel co-recipients Werner Arber, Hamilton O. Smith
\tNational Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 1993<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nPhysician, Molecular Biologist – Genetics. Restriction enzymes and \ntheir application to molecular genetics. Groundwork for human genome \nproject, drug insulin. Able administrator – high signal-to-noise ratio.
\n\t“Valuable internship year in medicine with masterful clinician \nRobert Loeb; The glimpses of human strength and frailty that a physician\n sees are still with me.<\/em>”\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Roger](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Roger_Guillemin.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: Courtesy Dr. Roger Guillemin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Roger Guillemin M.D., Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977<\/strong>
\tNobel Prize also awarded to Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow
\tNational Medal of Science-Biological Sciences 1976 USA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nPhysician, Physiologist, Neuroendocrinologist. Peptide hormone production of brain. Visual Artist.
\n\tAlfred Nobel\n chose to associate Literature and Science in his legacy. The mission, \nrole and responsibility to society of a scientist and an artist are the \nsame. <\/em><\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"McClintock\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/McClintock-painting.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPainting: Tom Tompkins PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Barbara McClintock Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n\tThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983<\/strong>
\n\tThe President’s National Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 1970<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n\tCytogeneticist. Mobile genetic elements, 1948. Nobel after 35 \nyears. Skilled experimentalist, master cytological detail interpreter, \nbrilliant theoretician. Solo labor, no technical help. Friendly fellow \nscientists. Discriminated as woman.
\n\t“Tacit assumptions – substance of dogma – served as barrier to \neffective communication. My understanding of phenomenon was too radical \nfor time.”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Temin\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Howard_Martin_Temin.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto: Public Domain, Wikipedia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Howard M. Temin Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975<\/strong>
\tNobel Co-recipients David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco
\tNational Medal of Science<\/a> – Biological Sciences 1992<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nVirologist. Interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material \nof cell. DNA provirus and RNA-directed DNA synthesis. Reverse \nTranscriptase. Intellectually courageous. Civic minded.
\n\tHow fortunate to live in a country at a time and in a social class \nthat has enabled us to realize our potential. Not been possible for \nmany.<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Hofstadter\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Hofstadter-painting.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPainting Tim Timpkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Robert Hofstadter Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics, 1961<\/strong>
\tNobel co-recipient Rudolf M\u00f6ssbauer
\tNational Medal of Science – Physical Science 1986<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nNuclear and particle physicist. Discoverer of sodium iodide \nscintillation counters. Carried out electron scattering from atomic \nnuclei, revealing structure of nuclei and nucleons. Original proposer of\n two-mile SLAC linear accelerator. Pioneer of gamma-ray astronomy, using\n EGRET detector aboard the Compton observatory. Research in laser \nfusion, applications of physics to medicine. \n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"kornberg\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Kornberg-painting.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto NIH. Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arthur Kornberg M.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959<\/strong>
\tNobel co-recipient Servero Ochoa
\tNational Medal of Science<\/a> – Biological Sciences 1979<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nPhysician, Scientist. Discovered mechanisms in biological synthesis\n of RNA and DNA – basis of discovery of recombinant DNA which helped \nignite biotechnology revolution. Founder, DNAX Institute.
\n\t“With more scientists struggling for grants in an era of tight \nbudgets, nobody is going to propose doing anything that is bold or \ncreative.”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Lederberg\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Lederberg-painting.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPhoto NIH. Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Joshua Lederberg Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n\tThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958<\/strong>
\n\tNobel co-recipients George Beadle<\/a>, Edward Tatum<\/a>
\n\tNational Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 1989<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n\tGeneticist. Genetic recombination and organization of genetic \nmaterial of bacteria. Artificial intelligence. NASA seeking life on \nMars. Fastest rate possible for growth of bacterial cell and why. Nobel \nPrize at age 33.
\n\tAt Nobel Banquet, “Pride is humbled as humility is exalted in the dignity and splendor of this occasion.”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Lipmann\"\/](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Lipmann-painting.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPainting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.org<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fritz A. Lipmann M.D.,Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n\tThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953<\/strong>
\n\tCo-Nobelist Hans Krebs<\/a>
\n\tNational Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 1966<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n\tPhysician, Biochemist. Discovered co-enzyme A, its importance for \nintermediary metabolism. Identified serine phosphate as constituent of \nphosphoproteins which contain phosphate. CMP represents metabolically \nactive carbamyl donor.
\n\tLiljestrand, Science Academy: \u2026Regarding fundamental discoveries \nlaymen ask for immediate practical application. Counter question of \nBenjamin Franklin: Of what use is a new-born baby?<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"Glenn](\"http:\/\/www.gangalib.org\/images\/Seaborg-Glenn-painting.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPainting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Glenn T. Seaborg Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\nThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951
\tNational Medal of Science – Chemistry 1991<\/strong>
\tNobel co-recipient: Edwin M. McMillan<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nNuclear Chemist. Transuranium – Plutonium. Isotopes \nidentification. Actinide concept. Atomic Bomb. Peaceful use of atomic \nenergy. Advisor to 10 US Presidents<\/a>. Swedish ancestry. Journal since age 8 yrs. Hiking<\/a>.
\n\tFranck Report<\/a>:<\/strong> “I\n had joined a committee of scientists who advocated the use of the \natomic bomb for demonstration purposes. We hoped the enemy would see the\n destructive power of this weapon and immediately surrender. In June, \n1945, we attempted to deliver our plan, the Franck Report, to President \nTruman. I don’t know if he ever saw our work…”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"National Medal of Science USA National Medal of Technology and Innovation USA Photo George M. Bergman, MFO. Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com David Mumford Ph.D. National Medal of Science – Mathematics and Computer Science 2009 Mathematician. Algebraic geometry, Vision and Pattern Theory. Pure and Applied math. History and Philosophy of math, Math education. Sailing. “Research […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":61,"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25\/revisions\/61"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Mathematician. Algebraic geometry, Vision and Pattern Theory. Pure \nand Applied math. History and Philosophy of math, Math education. \nSailing. Photo: LN, NIMH<\/p>\n\n\n\n National Medal of Science – Behaviorial and Social Science 2009<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Cognitive neuroscientist, Business Administrator. Brain\/behavior \nrelationships in humans, nonhuman primates. Identified \u2026 areas in \ncerebral cortex essential for perception and memory: cortico-limbic \ncircuit responsible for memory of facts and events; cortico-striatal \ncircuit responsible for learning of different types of habits and motor \nskills. Photo: Courtesy Dr. Michael I. Posner. Upon receiving Carty award 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n National Medal of Science – Behaviorial and Social Science 2008<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Psychologist. Cognitive neuroscience – attention, early brain \ndevelopment, changes in brain systems with learning; developmental \ndisorders; brain injury. Posner cueing task. Founding Director, Sackler \nInstitute for Developmental Psychobiology.\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photo: Bengt Nyman, Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012 Physician- Cardiologist, Scientist. G-protein-coupled receptors;\n\tapproximately half of all medicines used today use this kind of receptor. Photo: Courtesy Nina Fedoroff. Credit: Douglas Mills, New York Times<\/p>\n\n\n\n National Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 2006<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Plant Molecular Biologist. Geneticist. First to clone and characterize maize transposons. Founding director, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences<\/a>. Interests: Education, Public Policy. Photo: Courtesy Dr. Gordon Bower<\/p>\n\n\n\n National Medal of Science – Behavior and Social Science 2005<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n “Psychologist, Cognitive-Social. Human memory, mnemonic devices, \nretrieval strategies, recording strategies, category learning. Cognitive\n processes, emotion, imagery, language and reading comprehension as they\n relate to memory. Mathematical Models, Computer Simulation of Memory, \nBehavior Modification.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photo: Courtesy Evelyn M. Witkin<\/p>\n\n\n\n National Medal of Science – Biological Science 2002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Zoologist – Molecular Geneticist. E. coli. DNA mutagenesis and DNA \nrepair. Interests: Science education in public schools; Connections \nbetween contemporary Victorians poet Robert Browning and Charles Darwin. Photo: \u00a9 Nobel Foundation<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007<\/strong> Molecular Geneticist. Introduced specific gene modifications in \nmice by using embryonic stem cells. Gene Targeting, Homeobox Genes, \nDevelopment, Behavior. Photo Courtesy Vinton Cerf. Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n National Medal of Technology and Innovation 1997<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \tOne of two Fathers of the Internet. TCP\/IP protocols. Internet\n\tArchitecture. Chief Internet Evangelist, Google. Interplanetary Internet.\n\tLiving Legend. Photo: NIH<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989<\/strong> Physician, Scientist, Litterateur. Cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes. Co-founder, Public Library of Science Journals<\/a>. Initiated doubling NIH budget. Interests: cycling, rowing. Photo: Courtesy Dr. George F. Bass<\/p>\n\n\n\n National Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 2001<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Archeologist. Father of underwater archaeology. Excavated shipwrecks of Bronze Age, Classical Age, Byzantine. Founded Institute of Nautical Archaeology<\/a>.\n Findings throw new light into beginning of free enterprise system, \ndating Homer’s Odyssey, chronologies of Egyptian dynasties, Helladic \ncultures; histories of technology, economics, music, art, religion. Photo: Courtesy Gene Elden Likens<\/p>\n\n\n\n National Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 2001<\/strong> Zoologist. Ecosystem ecology, biogeochemistry, acid rain, \nhuman impacts on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Linked fossil fuel \ncombustion to acid rain. Founder, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Photo: Courtesy Nancy C. Andreasen<\/p>\n\n\n\n National Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 2000<\/strong> Psychiatrist, Litterateur. Cognitive and Behavioral \nNeuroscience, Genomics, Neuroimaging, Neuroscience of Creativity, \nSchizophrenia. Writes books to educate laity and reduce stigma. Founding\n Chair, Neuroscience Section, American Association for the Advancement \nof Science (AAAS). Photo: Courtesy Dr. Shing-Tung Yau<\/p>\n\n\n\n National Medal of Science – Mathematics and Computer Science 1997<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Mathematician. Differential geometry, Differential equations, \nGeneral relativity. Calabi-Yau manifolds. Miyaoka-Yau inequality. \nFounder: Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong \nKong; Morningside Center of Mathematics at Academia Sinica; Center of \nMathematical Sciences at Zhejiang University; Tsinghua Mathematical \nSciences Center, China. Adviser more than 50 doctoral students. Photo: Sigismund von Dobsch\u00fctz. Source: Wikimedia Commons<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nobel Prize in Physics 1988<\/strong> Physicist, Cosmologist, Astrophysicist. Hobbies: Playing the Flute, Tennis, Mountaineering, Sailing. Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n \tThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003<\/strong> Chemist. Magnetic resonance imaging. Photo Nasoline. Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1982 \tEconomist – industrial organization. ‘Seminal studies of \nindustrial structures; functioning of markets; causes, effects of public\n regulation.’ Great teacher. Writings easy to admire, joy to read, \nimpossible to imitate. Interest: many areas of economics; history of \neconomics. Very Humorous. Photo: Courtesy Dr.Roald Hoffmann<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981<\/strong> Chemist, Poet, Philosopher, Writer, Chemistry Teacher Text\/Television.\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n Painting: Tim Tompkins PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n \tThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981<\/strong> \tPsychologist, Philosopher, Zoologist, Neuroanatomist. Functional \nspecialization of cerebral hemispheres. Split-brain studies. Duality of \nconsciousness. Mind and consciousness. High ethical standards. \nAuthorship generosity. Photo: Courtesy Michael H. Freedman<\/p>\n\n\n\n National Medal of Science – Mathematics and Computer Science 1987<\/p>\n\n\n\n American mathematician. Proof of Poincare Conjecture in dimension \nfour. One of the greatest achievements in mathematics in this century. \nFields Medal, 1986. \n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photo Purdue University. Painting Tim Tompkins PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n \tThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979 Organic Chemist. Development of use of boron into important \nreagents in organic synthesis. School, advanced several times, \ngraduating at 12; refused further advancement, avoiding being sister’s \nclassmate. Painting Tim Tompkins PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978<\/strong> Physician, Molecular Biologist – Genetics. Restriction enzymes and \ntheir application to molecular genetics. Groundwork for human genome \nproject, drug insulin. Able administrator – high signal-to-noise ratio. Photo: Courtesy Dr. Roger Guillemin<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977<\/strong> Physician, Physiologist, Neuroendocrinologist. Peptide hormone production of brain. Visual Artist. Painting: Tom Tompkins PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n \tThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983<\/strong> \tCytogeneticist. Mobile genetic elements, 1948. Nobel after 35 \nyears. Skilled experimentalist, master cytological detail interpreter, \nbrilliant theoretician. Solo labor, no technical help. Friendly fellow \nscientists. Discriminated as woman. Photo: Public Domain, Wikipedia<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975<\/strong> Virologist. Interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material \nof cell. DNA provirus and RNA-directed DNA synthesis. Reverse \nTranscriptase. Intellectually courageous. Civic minded. Painting Tim Timpkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Nobel Prize in Physics, 1961<\/strong> Nuclear and particle physicist. Discoverer of sodium iodide \nscintillation counters. Carried out electron scattering from atomic \nnuclei, revealing structure of nuclei and nucleons. Original proposer of\n two-mile SLAC linear accelerator. Pioneer of gamma-ray astronomy, using\n EGRET detector aboard the Compton observatory. Research in laser \nfusion, applications of physics to medicine. \n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photo NIH. Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959<\/strong> Physician, Scientist. Discovered mechanisms in biological synthesis\n of RNA and DNA – basis of discovery of recombinant DNA which helped \nignite biotechnology revolution. Founder, DNAX Institute. Photo NIH. Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n \tThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958<\/strong> \tGeneticist. Genetic recombination and organization of genetic \nmaterial of bacteria. Artificial intelligence. NASA seeking life on \nMars. Fastest rate possible for growth of bacterial cell and why. Nobel \nPrize at age 33. Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.org<\/p>\n\n\n\n \tThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953<\/strong> \tPhysician, Biochemist. Discovered co-enzyme A, its importance for \nintermediary metabolism. Identified serine phosphate as constituent of \nphosphoproteins which contain phosphate. CMP represents metabolically \nactive carbamyl donor. Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951 Nuclear Chemist. Transuranium – Plutonium. Isotopes \nidentification. Actinide concept. Atomic Bomb. Peaceful use of atomic \nenergy. Advisor to 10 US Presidents<\/a>. Swedish ancestry. Journal since age 8 yrs. Hiking<\/a>. National Medal of Science USA National Medal of Technology and Innovation USA Photo George M. Bergman, MFO. Painting Tim Tompkins – PaintHistory.com David Mumford Ph.D. National Medal of Science – Mathematics and Computer Science 2009 Mathematician. Algebraic geometry, Vision and Pattern Theory. Pure and Applied math. History and Philosophy of math, Math education. Sailing. “Research […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":61,"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25\/revisions\/61"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/schultzwebdesign.se\/GL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n\t“Research enterprise depends on the free dissemination of scholarly material.<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nMortimer Mishkin Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\t“Perseverance is built into the trait of curiosity, a scientist’s \nmotivation. If you’re sufficiently curious, you’re willing to continue \ndespite failures and obstacles. It’s so easy to give up.”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nMichael I. Posner Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nRobert J. Lefkowitz MD<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\tNational Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 2007 USA<\/strong>
\tNobel co-recipient Brian K. Kobilka<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\t“Strong family history of coronary artery disease … at age 50 I \nhad quadruple bypass surgery [1994]. I minimize my risk factors with \ndaily physical exercise, a vegetarian diet and appropriate medications”.<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nNina V. Fedoroff Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
“It’s as much wanting to succeed as it is to using your brains. I’ve seen very bright people fall out of the system”<\/em>.\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nGordon H. Bower Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nEvelyn Maisel Witkin Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\n\tEssentially same grant from 1956 until retirement in 1991.<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nMario R. Capecchi Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\tNobel prize also awarded to Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies
\tNational Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 2001<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\tMother incarcerated as political prisoner, Germany. “At age 4\u00bd, I \nset off on my own, living in streets, orphanages; joining gangs of \nhomeless children; generally hungry. Vivid recollections, brutal beyond \ndescription.”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\nVinton Cerf Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\n\t“Brilliant, indescribably enthusiastic, humorous, happy, treats people\t\n\textremely well. It would be nice to go to work every day and work with\n\tpeople like Vint Cerf.” \u2013 R.V. Nagaveni, Founder, Ganga Library.<\/em>\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nHarold Varmus M.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\tNobel Prize shared by J. Michael Bishop
National Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 2001<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\t‘Unflappable Varmus’<\/em>\n\t\t\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nGeorge Fletcher Bass Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\n\t“The greatest thrill comes from the library, when you can \nunderstand something about what you’ve found, when it all comes together\n and it means something.”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nGene Likens Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nNancy Andreasen M.D.,Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\tCreative people tend to be very persistent, even when confronted with skepticism or rejection.<\/em>\n\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nShing-Tung Yau Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\tFamily fled mainland China and Communist takeover when he was an infant. Leader of street gang and often skipped school.<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nJack Steinberger Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\tNational Medal of Science – Physical Sciences 1988 USA<\/strong>
\tNobel Prize shared with Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nTo Ganga Library founder on 3 Aug 2014, “I have used your questions to me as an incentive to prepare a list of my publications”.<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPaul C. Lauterbur Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNobel Co-recipient Sir Peter Mansfield
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThe President’s National Medal of Science<\/a> – Physical Sciences 1987
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThe National Medal of Technology and Innovation 1988<\/strong>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\t\t\t\t\t“Every great idea in history has the red stamp of rejection on \nits face. If you scratch any innovation’s surface, you’ll find the \nscars: they’ve been roughed up and thrashed around by the masses and the\n leading minds before they made it into your life.”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nGeorge J. Stigler Ph.D., M.B.A.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\tThe President’s National Medal of Science – Behavior and Social Science 1987<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\tChicago Economics Department intellectual ferment – intense intellectual atmosphere; captivated him.<\/em>\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nRoald Hoffmann Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\tNobel Prize also awarded to Kenichi Fukui
National Medal of Science – Chemistry 1983 USA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nRoger Wolcott Sperry Ph.D. [Zoology], M.A. [Psychology]<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\n\tNobel co-recipients David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel
\n\tThe President’s<\/strong> National Medal of Science<\/a> – Biological Sciences 1989 \n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\tRalph Gerard, “I know of nobody else who has disposed of cherished \nideas of his doctoral and postdoctoral sponsors, at that time the \nacknowledged leaders in their fields.” <\/em>\n\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nMichael H. Freedman Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nHerbert C Brown Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\n\tThe President’s National Medel of Sciences<\/a> – Physical Sciences, 1969<\/strong>
\n\tNobel co-recipient Georg Wittig<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\tGraduating, Depression years, future wife Sarah gave him gift, Stock’s<\/em> ‘Hydrides of Boron and Silicon’ because cheapest chemistry book! Led to Nobel Prize!<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nDaniel M. Nathans M.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\tNobel co-recipients Werner Arber, Hamilton O. Smith
\tNational Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 1993<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\t“Valuable internship year in medicine with masterful clinician \nRobert Loeb; The glimpses of human strength and frailty that a physician\n sees are still with me.<\/em>”\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nRoger Guillemin M.D., Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\tNobel Prize also awarded to Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow
\tNational Medal of Science-Biological Sciences 1976 USA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\tAlfred Nobel\n chose to associate Literature and Science in his legacy. The mission, \nrole and responsibility to society of a scientist and an artist are the \nsame. <\/em><\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nBarbara McClintock Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\n\tThe President’s National Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 1970<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\t“Tacit assumptions – substance of dogma – served as barrier to \neffective communication. My understanding of phenomenon was too radical \nfor time.”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nHoward M. Temin Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\tNobel Co-recipients David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco
\tNational Medal of Science<\/a> – Biological Sciences 1992<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\tHow fortunate to live in a country at a time and in a social class \nthat has enabled us to realize our potential. Not been possible for \nmany.<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nRobert Hofstadter Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\tNobel co-recipient Rudolf M\u00f6ssbauer
\tNational Medal of Science – Physical Science 1986<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nArthur Kornberg M.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\tNobel co-recipient Servero Ochoa
\tNational Medal of Science<\/a> – Biological Sciences 1979<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\t“With more scientists struggling for grants in an era of tight \nbudgets, nobody is going to propose doing anything that is bold or \ncreative.”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nJoshua Lederberg Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\n\tNobel co-recipients George Beadle<\/a>, Edward Tatum<\/a>
\n\tNational Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 1989<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\tAt Nobel Banquet, “Pride is humbled as humility is exalted in the dignity and splendor of this occasion.”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nFritz A. Lipmann M.D.,Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\n\tCo-Nobelist Hans Krebs<\/a>
\n\tNational Medal of Science – Biological Sciences 1966<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\tLiljestrand, Science Academy: \u2026Regarding fundamental discoveries \nlaymen ask for immediate practical application. Counter question of \nBenjamin Franklin: Of what use is a new-born baby?<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nGlenn T. Seaborg Ph.D.<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n
\tNational Medal of Science – Chemistry 1991<\/strong>
\tNobel co-recipient: Edwin M. McMillan<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\tFranck Report<\/a>:<\/strong> “I\n had joined a committee of scientists who advocated the use of the \natomic bomb for demonstration purposes. We hoped the enemy would see the\n destructive power of this weapon and immediately surrender. In June, \n1945, we attempted to deliver our plan, the Franck Report, to President \nTruman. I don’t know if he ever saw our work…”<\/em>\n\t<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"